In the emperors of China, Emperor of the Qing dynasty as a whole seems to give people (including history) the best impression. Over more than 10 emperors of the Qing dynasty, Kangxi reputation of the status of the long, seems to be above the other Emperor. However, the Central University for nationalities College of history and culture does not agree with Professor Yao Nianci "heyday of Emperor Kangxi" sort of argument. Research of Professor Yao long political history of the early Qing dynasty, near the mind-spirit of Emperor Kangxi and Emperor are published by Sanlian Bookstore. Take the opportunity, surging News (www.thepaper.CN) an interview with Professor Yao Nianci.
Professor Yao Nianci
Surging News: why focus on people over the years you think Kangxi dynasty without much space, but also a political history?
Yao Nianci: Kangxi dynasty not too much space? I think mainly is that many cannot progress. Not only the Kangxi dynasty, others have a similar situation. Broad study of political history, has a different perspective and defined, not limited to competition and distribution of power. In traditional historiography both in the arts, can be said to be a political history. All the major initiatives of the ancient Kingdom, and politics are all related. Juan from financial tax money, the regulation is social engineering, but is subject to political, from Decree decision, became a political history. Say a discouraging Word, the domestic political history in early Qing dynasty but lively surface, many didn't understand the question.
Emperor Kangxi historical restrictions on political history relied mainly on officials of the record, with the emperor at its core, it seems very ambitious, but floating on the surface. True history reveals the insider or a problem with the truth, but because the material is too little, too many pieces, most likely in vain, in the current examination system, is hard to summon up the courage to do this type of problem. For example, how many numbers of Ming loyalists in early Qing dynasty? The specific outcome? Qing dynasty Chinese scholar-officials of the official number, the actual status and political leanings? How does the Chinese army and the eight banners in early Qing dynasty? Number and distribution of lvyingbing how to? How are Cabinet and Government Ministers of the King? No systematic research.
There are some cases, such as Emperor Kangxi Xu qianxue, Xu Yuanwen brothers and Pearl group politics, in Kangxi 26 Pearl on the surface should also come to an end, but later sent the brother of Emperor Kangxi in retaliation against efforts involved cover a very wide area. But very little is written in the book, Hsu brothers anthology dare too much involved, only private notes and Man Wenzhu grant Memorial, you can see some clues, unable to get a bit of full information. As Kangxi dynasty River is a major event, continue for a long time, engineering complex, have not seen results, most of parrot. Xuanye said cost 3 million a year, people say, but a look at Jin Fu memorials, is aware that is not the case. But what made the River was delayed for many years, takes, and political history from the start. As to how to collect money manual service supplies, you have access to a lot of local history and liturgical book, too much work, these are some fine work, trivial and hard, no one wants to do. These problems are not resolved, but where's the political history of Emperor Kangxi.
My doctoral thesis has been on qingtaizu, Taizong dynasty history understanding. Afterwards homeopathy touched four Ministers in the early years of shunzhi and Kangxi auxiliary, entered the Kangxi reign can be said to be a matter of course.
More than 20 years ago, I was diverted to follow Wang Zhonghan learn history of the Qing dynasty Manchu history. Mr Wang PhD thesis there is no hard and fast rules, any student's choice. But stressed that regardless of what the Qing dynasty history, or a topic, must be familiar with the Qing dynasty's history before entering, and form their own opinion, as a prerequisite for conducting research. Starting from the source, it is important for the beginner I. Qing dynasty documents of voluminous, before entering the material is relatively limited, is basically two of the record, and several books such as the old Manchu, mainly Kung Fu is an analysis of, more in line with my situation, and preliminary study on the selection of the Manchu eight banners system doing his PhD thesis under the title.
50 's of last century, academic focus is the social nature of Manchu before entering sanhai pass, some scholars have made great contributions, but nagging on the slavery and serfdom. There are two basic misconceptions: one is directly equivalent to the State of the eight banners system, national forms of Manchu society for what this issue has not been raised. Is all the ethnic Manchu society's basic application deemed to be exploitation of an object, is still under Marxist five social patterns, and does not take into account the characteristics of each nation's historical development. My second chance, State formation and its special form from the start, focusing on Khan's power-imperial power with system dynamics, come to different conclusions in these two areas, Wang and senior scholars.
Nurhachu the established regime, I defined as patriarchal as the core, whose shells are the family nation of slavery. Manchu society for the basic social relations of Manchu rule the nation, and to a large number of alien slaves was everything. Slaves mass cannot enter political elite, political history of the main contents of Khan's power relationship with banners. Because of Khan's power without a strong economic base, so many important functions of the State transferred to the eight banner system, similar to the "all the world", so I called Manchu regime eight banner system. The basic social relations and national identity, Huang taiji period remains unchanged. Huang taiji, but lack of patriarchal power source and had to reverse his father imposed by Mongolia, adopted Han, Mongolian and Chinese based on the eight banners full trying to establish Imperial politics. Relationship to Khan's power-imperial power and the eight banners system as the main line, history of Manchu before entering sanhai pass all the major issues, national development was in some kind of reincarnation of Manchu, new solutions can be obtained. Understanding of the State of Manchu before entering, be helpful for later political history in the Qing dynasty. Then I found out that although some masters of later Qing dynasty study in great depth, but general political development during the Qing dynasty, but prone to error or misunderstanding, that is due to lack of early history of the Qing dynasty.
Eight banners costumes
Qingjunruguan to establish a national rule, State power is no longer the basis of eight banners, but has a large population, rich resources and fully developed system of the country. Qing dynasty imperial power access to new resources, so it can rapidly overcome constraints and interference of the eight banners system, successfully established the authority of the State. Senior members still in early Qing dynasty of Qing dynasty history of imperial power and contradictions of the eight banners as a political line, it is a misunderstanding. Small number of Manchus, ruled this huge country, how to reassure people of the Han nationality and absorbed the Han Chinese scholar-officials, of whether and to what extent the Manchu and Han, how to keep the nation's dominance, and can rule the nation's recognized and popular core issues become rulers of the Qing dynasty. Kangxi dynasty in the history of nature have a connecting link between the position and role, but exactly how to persevere shall be discussed, stay on in both civil and martial imagery. Politically consistent thread is full of Emperor Kangxi Han relations. This is the most basic relationships during the Qing dynasty, dominated in all areas. Xuanye was to fight for the Qing dynasty the world orthodoxy, and the subsequent war of the junggar, are based on the consideration of the relationship between Manchu and Han. I did this political history, though not following the trend, but not originality, but only a starting point.
Surge: "Kangxi's spirit" has been advocating for many years, how do you find many problems this so-called golden age?
Yao Nianci: history of belief, view the conclusion of history naturally different. "Golden age" unnecessary for me to discover the problems exist in, and later generations of record at that time, evaluation is there. Just like advocates of the "golden age" people, not willing to pay attention to those "negative" materials.
National territory wide, strong force, conquest dynasties in the history of the world to have this feature, but it does not mean that the happiness of the people, the social dynamic, sometimes even the opposite. Social stability is also the past "golden age" a flag. Stable than gone well, but not necessarily people live and work, may also rely on coercion, control results. Economic development, increase of social wealth, heavily concentrated in the hands of the State, do not represent the people, "jiageirenzu", rather than just enrich the poor. Official host compiled many books to make decorations, the so-called cultural achievements, into the ancient "spirit writing" tone, but the official edits history, is actually a set of ideological and cultural tone and guidelines against people thinking, thinking and culture is the loss of vitality.
Above several aspects, if from power of angle view, can performances scenes vast, and mighty majestic of live drama, said its for "spirit"; so if from social subject masses of position up judge, this "spirit" does not brings more big interests, instead aggravated its burden; from thought culture of development view, has thought of intellectuals deeply pressure and bound, in "spirit" background Xia appeared of achievements can be described as less of and less. Even if economic relations are concerned, a strong "golden age" under, often just what is available, it is difficult to generate new content. Concentrated enormous resources to operate by the State of great social engineering, not only is the consumption of significant productivity and stifle free development of individual potential.
Emperor Kangxi
On the respect of nature, the Qing dynasty was a dynasty that is established to be subjugated, a strict ethnic discrimination and oppression reign, a stern execution ban of dynasty, a dynasty of a war ignored minli went hither and thither, known as the golden age? We can tell today's and future generations, is that we have inherited a golden age? The popular "Prime View" is taken over absolute monarchy-praise and ideology.
Once upon a time some social history, economic history scholars discuss China which dynasty people live most comfortably, the conclusion is "30 tax" of the early Western Han dynasty. Historians have also noted the history of so-called "times of trouble", such as the warring States period, the southern and Northern dynasties and five dynasties and ten Kingdoms period, the economic relationship is not stagnant, it seems more than "unification" under development even faster. If this discussion continues, perhaps later would not have emerged so many successive generations of "golden age". But such discussion will soon be annihilated by a strong spirit of wind, the ancient "golden age" will increase.
Ten or twenty years of "golden age" style background, I do not have detailed consideration. But in the study of history of the Qing dynasty's "golden age" of the wind, is indeed closely related to the research institution's survival. As we all know, now most of the academic research being integrated into national planning of projects and institutions at all levels, so as to receive research funding and awards. And the availability of research funding and incentives, University teachers and researchers is whether society's "lifeline". Is not completed yet the massive compiling of Qing dynasty history, is positioned as a national academic works, marked with "official" taste of subsidised amount, win over people not only unprecedented, and imitation. China's dynasties, the Qing dynasty and most close to reality, and give the status of the Qing dynasty, and its importance is obvious. This set of host natural history project "golden age" of big winners. "Top winds of creation", wind, and invincible. "In the Qing dynasty Kangxi" becoming the longest in history, and the greatest tune, is there.
On in Qing dynasty of history positioning, academia has never has two species tendencies: a is will its return into foreign set Ding Zhongyuan of conquered dynasty system, equivalent Yu Khitan Liao, and Jurchen gold and the cast Yuan regime, and and Han national dynasty phase difference; a is from China more national unified starting, stressed Tang yilai of integration and national unified of trend, to Qing dynasty as China ancient last a are Shuo dynasty. No matter from which point of view, Manchu-Han relation should be the most important relationship in the Qing dynasty. From the perspective of political history, Manchu relations is not so harmonious, or harmony is the surface, and guess-proof isolation is substantive, looks bright and dark. The nature of relationship between Manchu and Han, infiltration in the social and political fields and levels. Only this, one without any tendency, unbiased research on "Kangxi" was questioned. But as moderator of the massive compiling of Qing dynasty history, just ignore this most important relationship. If you don't believe it, you can go through their representatives, the book is not a reference to relationship between Manchu and Han. This is by no means neglected, but only a research on its history and beliefs. Then the Qing dynasty brought about "golden age" the wind as well as some "golden age", simply grasp the discourse in the study of Qing dynasty history. In this context, I do the political history of the Kangxi reign, can also be said to be feeling, hoping to "golden age" under find a vent, will not be "unified", reveal the historical truth is not good.
Surging News: in the Kangxi reign in political history, how are you to judge the historical data?
Yao Nianci: more trouble to this topic, should not be generalized.
Xuanye's comments, for example, had blurted out, just look to capture. As Kangxi 26 in Chang Chun Yuan, warning Crown Prince xuanye teacher Tang bin: "into the Chinese acquisition, the great grandfather back Akinori Nishizawa, I swear not! "" To be made Crown Prince in the Chinese acquisition, the Crown Prince can not do as a child of filial piety, I also can not do for the mercy of the father. "That's so horrible, visible or not accept Chinese acquisition, xuanye think relates to the survival of Manchuria. As another example, grace of 18 Juan from Jiangxi money edict of Emperor Kangxi, was sounding, xuanye because people support the rebels for many years, can't help but add a sentence "this Tian Lu swing analysis, families split up, all its sins. BU Fu was not Juan, levels of this "direct their inner hatred of people up. It was xuanye's true feelings show made a rare first-hand, but many people see xuanye as love-Manchu and Han of the benevolent monarch, and thus ignored.
Some of the historical data you need to identify. Kangxi 20 xuanye summarized Francisco victories, records of the personal note: "(rebel) if the compound again for several years, if any? "" If the traitor failed to destroy utterly, not blame to me! "The record of the previous sentence should read" If the compound again for several years, people, not a few tired us, Yes? "The latter sentence simply deleted. Nature is closer to the intent of the personal note, xuanye Qing army to win a fluke, worried that once the insurgency failed, he had rashly San Francisco and take and take full responsibility. These go in the memoir.
Oracle needs to experience some meaning other than the literal. Such as "Fortunately God bless, father of Wellington, and Manchu soldiers of reverse drainage be beheaded, rape party, inter alia, peaceful and stable." Not only in recognition of the bravery of soldiers of Manchuria, but crushed San Francisco considered it a war between the Manchus and Han Chinese. Xuanye Han Chinese General says: "since ancient times, Chinese rebellions, but also Han Chinese Communist suppression, when soldiers under the o? "And teach Manchu generals say:" and thou shalt break the thief Lord? "Only xuanye consider together, and their background, can the true meaning of Li Jie Xuanye. Subjective and easily taken out of context.
Xuanye speaking occasions to be aware, when the side only a Manchu Minister, few scruples when Manchu officials were present, was more restrained. When reason prevails, more restrained mood when raging, unbridled and run amuck. From the source, the zhupi credibility the biggest, of the personal notes of the second, as the record. But the zhupi Manchu, Chinese and Manchu Chinese trust; he said to his slaves, the Minister said, he said to his slaves than credible. Should have been done as Mr Yang Qiqiao emperor Yongzheng, the speech xuanye classification lists, or making a "Kangxi vocabulary" would be nice.
Xuanye many speech full of false correction, mask, or even fabricated. Like deposed Crown Prince for the first time in two months, xuanye regret, to complex State Port-au-Prince, and said how too Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager of the previous dream works, Empress Dowager for deposed Prince hesitated. Researchers xuanye this dream as a subconscious reaction. But dreams as subconscious must be a true record of the dream. I checked after facts, think xuanye was fabricated. Xuanye inside anxiety, emotions got out of control, you can also reflect their true feelings. For example, eight Yinsi, Prince Lian Xuan ye old scold Strip, old Chen Yuan had been suspected of forgery after the Qing dynasty came to power, but the record xuanye similar curse, Yongzheng can't be forged so much. More importantly, these words say comply with Xuan ye was very depressed state of mind. For example, hunch themselves "鴆 today, tomorrow was killed", or even imagine that scholars place it in the Palace, "thou shalt hold edge for the" Yongzheng dare invent? Xuanye waste after the Crown Prince at the beginning, said in his funeral oration was told days "such as Qing recite the long", "If there is no blessing" and so on, clearly worried that God does not bless the Qing, this fear in their mind, it is hard to show it. Xuanye did not believe Weather calamities, but we know from the Man Wenzhu was seen on the following year, he had prayed kneeling on muddy ground in heavy rain. These are never let historical data.
And economic history historical materials of different data, political history, especially when it comes to psychological encounter records tell some emotional and subjective judgment, requires researchers immersed in them, understand in detail the context in order to maintain sensitivity to materials and cool, grasp its true meaning.
Kangxi's southern tours (local)
Surging News: why did you choose these case studies in this book, each case focus is what? Links between what is it?
Yao Nianci: because many of the issues I have touched, had to make some plays barely said problems. Study history as judged cases, evidence is required to decide on a verdict, and the evidence was obtained is dependent on chance, not trying to get.
The first articles of the Wei Xiangshu reflection alone and xuanye, from reading to writing more than two years, because some links explaining and interrupted in the Middle, until I discovered a private record of credible, convinced officials of the memoir, the personal note to commit perjury, before writing again. Article purpose is to discuss San Francisco xuanye's ideological and psychological negative impact, positive impact has been said, I do not want to say any more. I found deep psychological factors of unusually protracted and affect thoughts, xuanye suspicion of the Chinese always don't go, Manchu and Han relations in casting a heavy shadow.
Xuanye recognized the great potential of Han Chinese and cultural advantages, and how to maintain Manchu dominance, and Han Chinese recognize such status, while at the same time full not assimilated by the Han Chinese, this task is extremely difficult. Xuanye carries heavy psychological pressure. In order to relieve this pressure, and conquered Han in ideology, becoming crushed San Francisco xuanye inner impulse of all major initiatives. Courage and trueness to personality characteristics, you can find some early roots, and revealed in a personally galdan feat. This was formed, I am attempting to confirmed in some of the major events.
Book the second review of the two waste in the late Crown Prince of Emperor Kangxi, was Xuan ye most tangled problem. From the Manchu and Han relations, dating back to get married reading of the Crown Prince, and accompanied by a series of conflicts, readily find that the Crown Prince was Xuan ye and Han Chinese cannot afford to lose a card, but is that Qing was an important weight in the world. Xuanye Crown Prince of compromise with the two waste, and to never separate storage, making themselves rather worn, are associated with such intent. Training failed to Port-au-Prince, xuanye doubts that God continue to bless the Qing, it must demonstrate that the mandate of heaven still, unprepared troops aggressively junggar, and proposed "since ancient times, the world is my" political platforms, reflect xuanye's psychological needs. Third is the second companion piece. We must get rid of "Qing dynasty the world's most" myths reveal xuanye deliberately distorted the history of the Ming and Qing dynasties, rearranged for Qing emperors ' temple for Orthodox, its academic advantages just power and governance, which is essential. For a long time, pay homage to xuanye, many scholars believe. Xuanye, however say the Han learning experience, after beating galdan was Kangxi 36, just a little reading of the hanwenzhu know what their Chinese level. Weigh xuanye "academic", for lifting people's superstition may not help.
Fourth, fifth chapter of the book is a companion piece. Two articles to 200,000 words early, only to make a point, namely xuanye in the Northwest with great fanfare only, real intention in Qinghai living Buddhas, that is so not only hopes luck is also from the "golden age", or "clear world" extension. An article the external situation, Court and junggar basin, Qinghai, Mongolia, Tibet, is far from optimistic, as some deals in the works. Tibet Tibetan Khan in particular, both the Qing court xuyuweishe, and junggar secret contacts. Xuanye suspicious, helpless, and Qinghai Mongolia all chiefs and the Qing court also dominated, which directly led to Hyun-Yup-junggar army into Tibet and line of miscalculations. After an article mainly discusses two waste after Crown Prince xuanye mentality and facing domestic political pressure, Chen compromise arbitrary repressive mechanisms, xuanye is not subject to any restriction, it can be hand launched expedition, battle of the junggar basin. Kangxi dynasty the last eight years, in the Western to extricate themselves, and also failed to establish, disadvantages of autocratic imperial power and the role of mind in the history of the Kings, is thought to future generations.
In short, although book five papers on "ancient world is my" form the overall framework, but due to too widely involved, can only one time to do specific difficulty, some ideas are trying to gradually clear, one does not become a complete history of Emperor Kangxi and political, which is a pity. Left gaps and clues that may help him.
Galdan Ulan buh-pass battle painting
Surging News: study on character psychology, France Annales has long advocated and adopted, Yu in Zhu Xi's history of the world, also has a very good use, you xuanye studied psychology in the book, inspired by our predecessors?
Yao Nianci: psychological observations about historical figures, naturally inspired by previous studies. My years working behind closed doors, do not know France Annales study on characters. Yu Ying-shih was able to buy the book to buy to read. The Zhu Xi's history of the world is more than the largest, discusses the most complete works, containing an analysis of three emperors of the Southern Song dynasty political disposition and mental relationship is very precise, and no one can reach this depth. I know Sven-Goran Eriksson about historical research on the psychology of the characters, but also know from his book. But never see the young Luther's translation, the book Gandhi's truth was bought only a few years ago. On UNMEE's understanding is through the introduction of the book personality theories, then read his identity: adolescent crisis, this book is a great inspiration to me. Give me another two psychology books of revelation is Fromm's escape from freedom and Blanchard of the rebellion--a psychological study of Rousseau, who are clinicians, more refinement, more historical and psychological analysis of the characters of revelation, but also a reminder that occupies how important first-hand information.
Kangxi dynasty Crown Prince was deposed on two occasions, repeated reading of the record, I doubt Crown Prince long under pressure, suffering from mental disease, xuanye my many words, also makes me wonder if their mental and in many cases is not in a normal state. Find a lot of books to read, try to confirm. However patients with mental and psychological analysis of the most important thing is to look and listen, study of history clearly cannot do this, so only the records in the record conscientiously, ponder their mental tendencies and personality traits. The memoir was the historiographer, comply with Xuan ye on the extent and the Port-au-Prince's true mental and problems must be treated with caution, carefully screened, as far as possible from facts and common sense is evident, or rather place regardless.
Surging News: in your mind, Emperor Xuan ye is the Emperor of what?
Yao Nianci: this question is very good, gives me the opportunity to clarify some misunderstandings.
Overall, xuanye is a rich sense of with reason and restraint of the ruler, his inner emotions and impulses are in most cases subject to reason. In this connection, I was in the first article of the book indicates, "Xuan ye may be people, but not a tyrant." Xuanye diligent, it is recognized. Xuanye is smart, social problems, we can stitch. He although years troops north, but for South anti-clear forces is without relax; he although always protection Manchu of privileges, is and is care won general Han of support; he note to large Juan from does not received is good of effect, has note to financial too concentrated Yu Central, place remains insufficient, brings many disadvantages, officials salaries meager, deployed fire consumption aggravated has people of burden. But in later years, specifically, the Emperor Kangxi after 46 xuanye becomes increasingly lonely, reason gradually weakened, more swayed by emotions, State reserve problems and battle are not handled well, and social chaos.
This book is not a critical biography of Xuan ye not xuanye for final judgement. I spend a lot of space to explore xuanye ideological and psychological dark side is not completely negative, simply because people of Xuan ye praise too much, was the most perfect monarch, which is contrary to the truth, is not conducive to the study of history.
Some might say my criticism is too harsh for Yu Xuanye, I pointed out the hypocrisy of Xuan ye, affectation, trueness, cowardly, cruel, they said: "the history of first emperor is not so? "Even said: as good as emperor was denied! After all, is that I have upset some people in the heart of shengjunming the King's image.
In this regard, I would first like to say, regarded as the greatest xuanye most noble King, is a man-made product. That's not what happened. Xuanye instead than open-minded Emperor Taizong, as his father Emperor shunzhi Emperor Fulin and truthfulness. More crucially, xuanye OBOI was ended after four Ministers such as auxiliary, its political orientation and four auxiliary Minister, who is the shunzhi Emperor Han ways. I would also like to remind the reader, political figure although different characters, different impact on history, but its essence or basic personality, but can only be the product of political institutions and power structures, can only be the personal interests of the ruling. If you cannot grasp this, will lead us from the superficial vulgarity of the human understanding the severity of cold politics, turning history into a "good politics" and "bad politics" by turns.
In fact, the clumsy xuanye has considerable leeway. Such as personal records, he appeared during the rest, exerting force with Palm, pushed more than 10 guards, like a Kung Fu Master, and he believed it of her own magic. Italy father Matteo Ripa of the Manchu court for 13 years, xuanye recorded later in rehe, snakes and toads scared the ladies in public, and sexual perversion with light ones. Has nothing to do with topics, not description by clumsy, enough to say I am not purposefully to the Manchu emperors.
Emperor Kangxi
Surging News: what do you think about nationalism in the study of Qing history and the national mood?
Yao Nianci: the study of the history of interference by often for the problems. But history must be adhering to the historicist position. Before and after the book was published, some people say I'm Han chauvinism, but did not cite any evidence, is about from an emotion. I would like to take this opportunity to reiterate that the Han chauvinism are incompatible with my idea at all. I once said:
Surrender to the Ming dynasty of Manchu is a political contract. When strong since the Ming dynasty, Manchu to various grace cannot be reached the Manchu Chinese integration degree, then, when the Ming dynasty when the decaying, Manchu will the Lord as before, or Manchu is no longer willing to continue to benefit, in this case, there is no power from the Ming dynasty to control of Manchu and form an independent nation and lifting of the political pact and the Ming dynasty? We cannot drop of grace such as when animals are reported on the code of ethics apply to the study of political history.
Any nationality, has the right to choose their own road of development. The other hand, the survival of any nationality cannot be established in violation of and sacrifice him on the basis of national interests and development, is not his national obedience is a prerequisite. As long as we recognize that various ethnic groups is the existence of different human populations, it will have to follow this principle. Only by so doing, it was possible to have nationality is the relationship between moral judgment and righteousness and justice to speak of. Even within a country, too. I think this attitude is all that humanists should be. In the study of history, without regard for the practical political effect. Instead, politics must be based on the principles of equality. (See the letter to a Mr He Ling, containing the history of the Qing dynasty in Analects, 2014. ）
Believe that anyone reading this text, you are not linking me to Han chauvinism. People who say I'm Han chauvinism, in fact allergic to my criticism of the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty.
Needless to say, the nature of the ruling regime of the Qing dynasty with a nation conquer, clear evening masses, filled with shaving, Rodeo, investment law, escape the law, change clothes, whose testimony has brought grave disasters to the Chinese people, and psychological trauma. Rulers of the Qing dynasty though they say "Manchu", but Manchu people rule the nation, and closed it up, to the majority Han nationalities and ethnic discrimination and oppression of other ethnic minorities in the South, the historical facts are hard. Authoritarianism with an obvious ethnic characteristics of the rule of the Qing dynasty, more tougher than the Ming dynasty. Harsh imprisonment of the Qing dynasty, literary inquisition lasted more than 100 years. High taxes in the Qing dynasty, with 30,000,002 in early Qing dynasty, the equivalent of the late Ming dynasty taxes plus "three rating and additional" combined, bear a heavy burden of the people. Qing finance significantly concentrated in the Central Government, local government is difficult to implement effective governance. In all this, known to all human history in the Qing dynasty.
My criticism to the extreme tyranny and oppression of the imperial power of the Qing dynasty, became the Han chauvinism? Do I have to recognize, praise disadvantages these masses, pay homage to the rulers of the Qing dynasty? What logic is this? Articles I have written, is there in black and white, and they don't want to read, see criticism of the Qing dynasty, criticizing oppression of the Manchu nobility, according to bear, irresponsible attacks, isn't that a broader national mood? Do I have all the people bowed under the theory of Manchu, out there and to accept the discrimination and oppression of the Manchu rulers, their heart trouble? Is this not a slave mentality? They are masters of Qing dynasty, ruler regarded as aloof, and not profane God, do you have a modern sense of equality? Don't have to rely on such a poor illusory psychological sustenance, to stand on in the nation?
Historical research is neither jiegufengjin nor take Yu Gu. We have to look to the modern position of history. The basic attitude is strict respect for the historical record, and to critically review, try to restore the true face of history. I expose xuanye, mostly with xuanye's own words, I prove the Kangxi dynasty's actual situation, most of the Qing official book of records, it's more powerful than my own comment. These materials are not uncommon, it is strange how people turn a blind eye. Researchers insist on free and independent research positions, is essential if face up to history and to face up to reality. This relates to how we should understand the history? Inherited from the past?
If someone must serve the Qing dynasty emperor on Oracle of truth and must kneel to listen to Decree, must keep the autocratic Imperial pretensions at face value and must be the dreamy "Kangxi" hype, be sure to reveal the historical truth of fire, I can only borrow from Zhu Xi, said: this is the "very nearly indistinguishable."
Surging News: what do you think historical theories and positivist historiography?
Yao Nianci: I'm not qualified to answer this question.
Historiography is the prosperity built up naturally in the study of the history of. As far as the political history of the Qing dynasty, if we follow a consistent pattern, or only specific empirical work, it is difficult to create valuable historical theory. To break the dreary situation, today is the most important, is to get rid of researchers thought of nationalism and authoritarianism.
Positivist historiography is a basic work, of course, this does not refer to its level, subtle criticism can often solve many complex problems requires not only a deep skill, and requires a very high level. But the social function of history, people will not be satisfied with reproducing the objective process of history, and always have interest in exploring the inherent power of history, should meet the need of modern historiography. Historical figures (is not only an important political figure) of the inner world, their joys and sorrows, their anxieties and expectations more often than physical activity can reflect the times of contradictions and dilemmas. Sacrifices of the Qing dynasty emperor
Worrying is that moment in political history, moral and ethical position getting weaker, unable to make researchers feel the sublime significance of historiography of lost function, can be described as two lost.
Surging News: how to treat "new Qing history"?
Yao Nianci: no positive response to the United States "new Qing history", but I believe that many of these issues, and can give the "new Qing history" reference for the interested people. Research on ideology of history of the Qing dynasty, not only researchers in the country to have this problem, "new Qing history" also blame some of the representative figures, regardless of whether they are aware of it.
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